Ulster | Encyclopedia.com (2024)

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views updated May 21 2018

Ulster. The northern province of Ireland, comprising the counties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Donegal, Tyrone, and Londonderry. It was dominated by Gaelic lords until the 17th cent.; the Normans under John de Courcy and Hugh de Lacy establishing a foothold in eastern Ulster in the late 12th and early 13th cents.: de Lacy was created earl of Ulster by King John in 1205. The Norman intrusion was both socially and geographically confined: Ulster remained the most Gaelic, and—from the perspective of English governors in Dublin—inaccessible part of Ireland until the plantation of 1609. The flight of the Gaelic lords in 1607 after the failure of Tyrone's rebellion opened the way to mass confiscations of land by the crown, and the redistribution of this property through a programme of colonization. The Ulster plantation embraced the six central and western counties of Ulster: an earlier plantation in Monaghan (1593) was allowed to stand, and the eastern counties, long characterized by informal British settlement, were also untouched. The destruction of Gaelic society continued during the Commonwealth, when massive confiscations occurred in eastern and southern Ulster: the Gaelic aristocracy was, by 1660, all but annihilated. The victory of the Williamite forces in Ireland by 1691 confirmed this territorial distribution, and opened the way to further British migration. However, the weak economic condition of Ireland at the beginning of the 18th cent. stemmed this tide, and indeed produced a flow of presbyterian emigrants. The mid- and late 18th cent. saw economic growth throughout most of Ireland, and at this time Ulster emerged as the centre of the Irish linen industry, Belfast developing as a significant industrial centre. The commercial success of especially eastern Ulster in the 19th cent., allied with the substantial British and protestant population, helped cut the region off from the rising nationalist fervour elsewhere in Ireland: by the time of the first Home Rule Bill (1886), there was broad support for the maintenance of a constitutional link with Britain. In 1920 the island was partitioned, with the six most unionist counties—the new Northern Ireland—obtaining a separate devolved parliament and government. This partition settlement was confirmed by the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, and by the Boundary Commission of 1925: it was further underwritten by the Ireland Act (1949), passed by the United Kingdom House of Commons after the declaration of a republic by Dublin in 1948. However, the dominant unionist social and political culture of Northern Ireland came under increasing challenge from the nationalist minority, benefiting from improved access to higher education, but still economically and culturally disadvantaged. Between 1969 and 1994, in the context of a low-grade civil war conducted between loyalist and republican paramilitaries and the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British army, an untenable position of unionist political predominance was gradually undermined. Although ‘Ulster’—the old provincial label is still sometimes applied to Northern Ireland—looks set to remain with Britain, it is probable that its governing institutions will more faithfully reflect its cultural and political diversity.

Alvin Jackson

The Oxford Companion to British History JOHN CANNON

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views updated May 23 2018

Ulster a former province of Ireland, in the north of the island; with Leinster, Munster, and Connaught one of the original four provinces, the ‘four green fields’ of Ireland. The nine counties of Ulster are now divided between Northern Ireland (Antrim, Down, Armagh, Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh) and the Republic of Ireland (Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan). The name is also used generally for Northern Ireland, particularly in a political context.
Ulster King of Arms formerly the chief heraldic officer for Ireland; since 1943, the office has been united with that of Norroy King of Arms.

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES

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views updated May 18 2018

Ulster Most northerly of Ireland's four ancient provinces, consisting of nine counties. Since 1922, six of these counties have been in Northern Ireland, while Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan form Ulster province in the Republic of Ireland. Area: 8012sq km (3092sq mi). Pop. (1996) 234,251 (Republic).

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views updated Jun 08 2018

ulster (U-) king-of-arms for Ireland XVI; long loose overcoat of rough cloth introduced by J. G. McGee & Co. of Belfast, capital of Ulster XIX. Name of the most northerly province of Ireland, the earlier form of which was Ulvester — ON. Ulfastir, also Ulaztir, Ulaðstir, f. Ir. Ulaidh men of Ulster; the el. -ster is perh. to be referred to (O)Ir. tír land = L. terra.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology T. F. HOAD

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views updated Jun 27 2018

ul·ster / ˈəlstər/ • n. a man's long, loose overcoat of rough cloth, typically with a belt at the back.

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English

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Ulster | Encyclopedia.com (2024)

FAQs

What exactly is meant by Ulster? ›

Ulster's name ultimately derives from the Ulaidh, a group of tribes that once dwelt in this part of Ireland. The Norsem*n knew the province as Ulaztir, the tír or land (a word borrowed from Irish) of the Ulaidh; this was then taken into English as Ullister or Ulvester, and later contracted to Ulster.

What was the Ulster question? ›

Ulster crisis unfolds

The main issue of contention during the parliamentary debates was the "coercion of Ulster", and mention was made of whether or which counties of Ulster should be excluded from the provisions of Home Rule.

Do people in Northern Ireland consider themselves Irish? ›

Ireland is now made up of two separate countries: 1) The Republic of Ireland Republic and 2)Northern Ireland. Most people whether in Northern Ireland or The Republic of Ireland refer to themselves as Irish, some people in Northern Ireland refer to themselves as British.

Are Ulster-Scots Irish or Scottish? ›

The Scots Irish, also known as Scotch Irish (especially in USA) or Ulster Scots (especially in Northern Ireland), are an ethnic group found in the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland.

What is Ulster called now? ›

The name Ulster is now used by many to refer to Northern Ireland. Ancient Ulster extended from the northern and northeastern coasts of Ireland south to what is now County Louth and west to what is now County Donegal.

Is Ulster Protestant or Catholic? ›

Another influx of an estimated 20,000 Scottish Protestants, mainly to the coastal counties of Antrim, Down and Londonderry, was a result of the seven ill years of famines in Scotland in the 1690s. This migration decisively changed the population of Ulster, giving it a Protestant majority.

Why did the Scots Irish leave Ulster? ›

The migration of Ulster-Scots to America began in the late seventeenth century. A high proportion of the earliest emigrants were from north-west Ulster and in particular from County Donegal. Their reasons for leaving included economic pressures and religious persecution due to their Presbyterian beliefs.

Was Northern Ireland ever part of Ireland? ›

Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, creating a devolved government for the six northeastern counties.

What is the left Red Hand of Ulster? ›

It is an open hand coloured red, with the fingers pointing upwards, the thumb held parallel to the fingers, and the palm facing forward. It is usually shown as a right hand, but is sometimes a left hand, such as in the coats of arms of baronets.

What is soda called in Ireland? ›

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term "fizzy drink" is common. "Pop" and "fizzy pop" are used in Northern England, South Wales, and the Midlands while "mineral" is used in Ireland. In Scotland, "fizzy juice" or even simply "juice" is colloquially encountered, as is "ginger".

Why is Ireland split in two? ›

When Northern Ireland was formed in 1920, it was decided, partly because of where Catholic and Protestant populations lived, to only include six of the nine counties of Ulster within the new state. Thus, the remaining three counties eventually formed part of the Irish Free State.

What do the Irish call Northern Ireland? ›

Northern Ireland is literally translated to Tuaisceart Éireann in Irish (though it is sometimes known as Na Sé Chontae 'The Six Counties' as well as Tuaisceart na hÉireann '[the] North of Ireland' by republicans) and Norlin Airlann or Northern Ireland in Ulster Scots.

Why is it called Black Irish? ›

The term "Black Irish" was initially used in the 19th and 20th centuries by Irish-Americans to describe people of Irish descent who have black or dark-coloured hair, blue or dark eyes, or otherwise dark colouring.

Are Scottish and Irish DNA the same? ›

While people from Ireland, Britain, or Scotland tend to be genetically similar, genetic clusters show that even within countries, there are distinct regional differences, and this update captures some of that.

What is the DNA of the Ulster Scots? ›

' The DNA has also revealed that a large proportion of the Ulster Scots who originated near Dumfries town carried exotic Mediterranean DNA markers, which have ultimately revealed that they were descended from Roman colonisers in Scotland (the remains of a Roman road and military forts can be found close to Dumfries ...

What's the difference between Ulster and Northern Ireland? ›

When the country was partitioned into two states in 1921, six of the nine counties of Ulster became Northern Ireland; the remaining three, Donegal, Cavan, and Monaghan formed, with the twenty-three counties of the other provinces, what was then known as the Free State.

When did Ulster separate from Ireland? ›

The partition of Ireland (Irish: críochdheighilt na hÉireann) was the process by which the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK) divided Ireland into two self-governing polities: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. It was enacted on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920.

Why is Northern Ireland not part of Ireland? ›

Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, creating a devolved government for the six northeastern counties.

Why did Protestants move to Ulster? ›

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Ulster, like many predominantly Protestant regions of Europe, became a refuge for Huguenots, Protestants who fled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

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